1. Increasing age - oxidative damage to membranes and proteins
2. sunlight ( especially the UV-A, UV-B components ) - hydration
3. severe diarrhoeal dehydration - denaturation of proteins
4. vitamins A, C, E deficiency - opacification of lens fibres with fibrous metaplasia
5. diabetes - opacification of lens epithelium
6. smoking - accumulation of pigmented molecules
( 3-hydroxykynurenine and chromophores which lead to yellowing )
7. corticosteroids - disturbance in osmotic balance
8. genetic - failure of ion pumps ( increased intralenticular calcium and sodium with decrease in potassium )
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